Table 1 Findings on imaging of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma
From: Multimodal diagnostic imaging in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma
Imaging modality | Features found on imaging of PVRL | Utility in diagnosis or workup of PVRL |
|---|---|---|
Fundus photography | Visualization of vitreous haze and cellular debris, optic nerve edema, perivascular sheathing, sub-retinal pigment epithelium cream-colored lesions, serous retinal detachments, atypical features mimicking viral retinitis | Direct visualization of findings and monitoring disease progression over time |
Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) | Hyperautofluorescence of sub-RPE lesions and alternating or stippled hyper/hypoautofluorescence of the macula | Identification of diffuse and focal areas of RPE disturbance |
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) | Vitreous cells, RPE nodularity, outer retinal hyper-reflectivities | Monitor response to treatment by assessing for presence of hyperreflective subretinal lesions (representative of lymphomatous infiltrate) |
Fluorescein angiography (FA) | Granularity, late staining at RPE level, blockage; reversed granular pattern of hyperfluoresence and hypofluorescence compared to FAF | May assist in monitoring for progression of disease or recurrence |
Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) | Hypocyanescence | Can help rule out other syndromes with characteristic ICGA findings (i.e. sarcoidosis or white dot syndromes) that can be similar to PVRL |
Electroretinography (ERG) | Reduced cone and rod responses; negative wave-form ERG on bright flash response with diminished b-wave response smaller than corresponding a-wave | More research on utility of ERG needed for PVRL |