Table 1 Cases and controls according to demographic characteristics, metabolic control and diabetes mellitus profile
From: Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: a case–control study
Total (240) | Diabetic retinopathy | ORb | CIb† | ORAdj | CIAdj‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (80) | No (160) | ||||||||
n | n | % | n | % | |||||
Gender | |||||||||
Female | 153 | 51 | 33.3 | 102 | 66.7 | 1.00 | 0.57–1.74 | 1.13 | 0.57–2.26 |
Male | 87 | 29 | 33.3 | 58 | 66.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
Age (years) | |||||||||
≤60 | 122 | 39 | 32.0 | 83 | 68.0 | 1 | 1 | ||
>60 | 118 | 41 | 34.7 | 77 | 65.3 | 1.13 | 0.66–1.93 | 1.28 | 0.64–2.56 |
BMI | |||||||||
18.5–24.9 | 39 | 13 | 33.3 | 26 | 66.7 | 1.09 | 0.51–2.35 | – | – |
25–30 | 70 | 26 | 37.1 | 44 | 62.9 | 1.29 | 0.70–2.38 | – | – |
>30 | 131 | 41 | 31.3 | 90 | 68.7 | 1 | – | – | |
Glycemic control (%) | |||||||||
HbA1c ≤ 7 | 80 | 10 | 12.5 | 70 | 87.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
HbA1c > 7 | 160 | 70 | 43.8 | 90 | 56.3 | 5.43** | 2.61–11.36 | 3.83* | 1.57–9.37 |
Diabetes duration (years) | |||||||||
<5 | 87 | 14 | 16.1 | 73 | 83.9 | 1 | 1 | ||
6–10 | 67 | 14 | 20.9 | 53 | 79.1 | 1.37 | 0.61–3.13 | 2.05 | 0.71–5.92 |
11–15 | 26 | 12 | 46.2 | 14 | 53.8 | 4.46* | 1.71–11.63 | 7.52** | 3.03–18.68 |
>15 | 60 | 40 | 66.7 | 20 | 33.3 | 10.42** | 4.76–22.73 | 9.01** | 3.58–22.66 |
Type of diabetes | |||||||||
Type 1 | 11 | 6 | 54.5 | 5 | 45.5 | 2.51 | 0.74–8.50 | 2.37 | 0.52–10.68 |
Type 2 | 229 | 74 | 32.3 | 155 | 67.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
Insuline use | |||||||||
Yes | 112 | 52 | 46.4 | 60 | 53.6 | 3.09** | 1.76–5.41 | 1.25 | 0.61–2.57 |
No | 128 | 28 | 21.9 | 100 | 78.1 | 1 | 1 | ||