From: The role of optical coherence tomography in Alzheimer’s disease
Study | OCT type | Diagnosis, number of subjects (eyes) | Mean age ± SD (years) | Mean MMSE ± SD | Mean peripapillary RNFL SD (µm) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parisi et al. [19] | TD | AD, 17 (17) | 70.4 ± 6.1 | 16.4 ± 2.4 | 59.5 ± 16.8** | The mean peripapillary RNFL thicknes correlated with PERG |
Controls, 14 (14) | Age-matched | 99.9 ± 8.95 | ||||
Iseri et al. [26] | TD | AD, 14 (28) | 70.1 ± 9.7 | 18.5 ± 6.3 | 87.5 ± 23.8*** | The peripapillary and macular RNFL thickness of AD patients were thinner than in control subjects. Total macular volume and MMSE scores were significantly correlated |
Controls, 14 (14) | 65.1 ± 9.8 | 113.2 ± 6.7 | ||||
Berisha et al. [46] | TD | AD, 9 (9) | 74.3 ± 3.3 | 23.8 ± 5.1 | 85.5 ± 7.4 | Narrow veins and decreased retinal blood flow in these veins |
Controls, 8 (8) | 74.3 ± 5.8 | 93.8 ± 10.4 | ||||
Paquet et al. [34] | TD | AD, 26 (52) | 78.5 ± 4.9 | 83.4 ± 7.2** | Early involvement of the RNFL in patients with MCI | |
Mild AD, 14 (28) | 22.6 | |||||
Severe AD, 12 (24) | 16.6 | |||||
MCI, 23 (46) | 78.7 ± 5.1 | 28.8 | 89.3 ± 2.7** | |||
Controls, 15 (30) | 75.5 ± 5.1 | 102.2 ± 1.8 | ||||
Lu et al. [30] | TD | AD, 22 (44) | 73.0 ± 8.0 | 90.0 ± 18.0* | The RNFL thickness reductions of predominantly in the superior and inferior quadrants | |
Controls, 22 (44) | 68.0 ± 9.0 | 98.0 ± 12.0 | ||||
Kesler et al. [27] | TD | AD, 30 (52) | 73.7 ± 9.9 | 23.6 ± 4.3 | 84.7 ± 10.6* | No correlation between RNFL thickness measurements and MMSE in AD patients |
MCI, 24 (40) | 71.0 ± 10.0 | 28.1 ± 2.1 | 85.8 10.0* | |||
Controls, 24 (38) | 70.9 ± 9.2 | 94.3 ± 11.3 | ||||
Moschos et al. [33] | TD | AD, 30 (60) | 71.8 ± 8.6 | There is a functional abnormality of the outer retina in central macular area in mild stages of AD | ||
Controls, 30 (60) | Age-matched | |||||
Moreno-Ramos et al. [32] | SD | AD, 10 (20) | 73.0 ± 6.5 | 16.4 | 94.5 ± 2.2* | The RNFL thickness correlated significantly with both the MMSE and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale scores in AD patients |
Controls, 10 (20) | 70.0 ± 2.0 | 108.0 ± 2.2 | ||||
Marziani et al. [31] | SD | AD, 21 (21) | 79.3 ± 5.7 | 19.9 ± 3.1 | Macular RNFL and RNFL + GCL thickness measurements are reduced in AD patients compared with healthy subjects | |
Controls, 21 (21) | 77.0 ± 4.2 | |||||
Kirbas et al. [28] | SD | AD, 40 (80) | 69.3 ± 4.9 | 21.4 | 65.0 ± 6.2* | No correlation between OCT parameters and MMSE |
Controls, 40 (80) | 68.9 ± 5.1 | 75.0 ± 3.8 | ||||
Larrosa et al. [47] | SD | AD, 151 (151) | 75.3 | 18.3 | 97.5 ± 14.1 | Used two different OCT (cirrus and spectralis) |
Controls, 61 (61) | 74.9 | 100.6 ± 13 | ||||
Ascaso et al. [35] | TD | AD, 18 (36) | 72.1 ± 8.7 (AD + aMCI) | 19.3 (AD + aMCI) | 64.7 ± 15.2 | The increased thickness and macular volume in aMCI |
aMCI, 21 (42) | 72.1 ± 8.7 (AD + aMCI) | 19.3 (AD + aMCI) | 86.7 ± 7.18*** | |||
Controls, 41 (82) | 72.9 | 103.1 ± 8.04 | ||||
Polo et al. [45] | SD | AD, 75 (75) | 74.1 | 16.0 | 97.4 ± 11.2 (cirrus); 98.1 ± 10.7 (spectralis) | SD-OCT protocols were able to detect RNFL and macular atrophy in AD patients |
Controls, 75 (75) | 73.9 | 99.2 ± 9.9 (cirrus); 101.6 ± 9.5 (spectralis) | ||||
Kromer et al. [29] | SD | AD, 22 (42) | 75.9 ± 6.1 | 22.6 ± 5.5 | 104.3 ± 17.5 | AD patients with mild to moderate stages of showed a significant reduction of RNFL thickness in the nasal superior sector |
Controls, 22 (42) | 64.0 ± 8.2 | 101.8 ± 10.7 | ||||
Bambo et al. [48] | SD | AD, 56 (56) | 74.0 ± 8.1 | 16.6 | 89.4 ± 10.4** | Presence of optic disc pallor correlate with axonal loss and perfusion alterations in AD |
Controls, 56 (56) | 76.4 ± 8.4 | 100.9 ± 11.7 | ||||
Bayhan et al. [43] | SD | AD, 31 (31) | 75.8 ± 6.5 | 17.4 ± 4.9 | A significant correlation with the macular GCC parameters and MMSE scores in AD patients | |
Controls, 30 (30) | 74.9 ± 7.6 | |||||
Liu et al. [41] | TD | AD, 67 (134) | The RNFL thickness in the superior quadrant and total mean values are gradually and significantly decreased from MCI to severe AD | |||
Mild AD, 24 | 71.3 ± 4.9 | 91.6 ± 10.1* | ||||
Moderate AD, 24 | 70.8 ± 6 | 91.7 ± 12.4* | ||||
Severe AD, 19 | 72.1 ± 4.6 | 87.1 ± 17.1*** | ||||
MCI, 26 (52) | 70.2 ± 6.5 | 95.4 ± 17.1 | ||||
Controls, 39 (78) | 69.7 ± 7.8 | 100.1 ± 15 | ||||
Gao et al. [25] | SD | AD, 25 (50) | 74.7 ± 1.3 | 19.2 ± 0.6 | 86 ± 1.9** | Reduced macular volume in AD and MCI patients, no correlation between MMSE and OCT parameters |
aMCI, 25 (50) | 73.4 ± 1.5 | 25.8 ± 0.35 | 92.4 ± 1.9* | |||
Controls, 21 (42) | 72.1 ± 1 | 98.6 ± 1.7 | ||||
Oktem et al. [49] | SD | AD, 35 (70) | 75.4 ± 6.9 | 18.0 | 80.6 ± 9.6*** | RNFL thickness measurements can be useful for early diagnosis and evaluation of disease progression |
MCI, 35 (70) | 74.1 ± 6.3 | 28.0 | 82.5 ± 7.3 | |||
Controls, 35 (70) | 70.2 ± 8.0 | 29.0 | 91.5 ± 7.1 | |||
Salobrar-Garcia et al. [50] | SD | AD, 23 (23) | 79.3 ± 4.6 | 23.3 ± 3.1 | Increase in peripapillary thickness in mild-AD patients | |
Controls, 28 (28) | 72.3 ± 5.1 | |||||
Cunha et al. [24] | SD | AD, 24 (45) | 74.8 ± 6.2 | 17.0 ± 5.2 | 93.7 ± 13.4 | Neuronal loss, especially for macular parameters, correlated well with cognitive impairment in AD |
Controls, 24 (48) | 72.3 ± 7.3 | 103 ± 9.2 | ||||
Garcia-Martin et al. [51] | SD | AD, 150 (150) | 75.33 | 18.35 ± 3.33 | 95.7 ± 15.22 | Performed segmentation of all retinal layers. Inner retinal layers reduction may predict greater disease severity |
Controls, 75 (75) | 74.79 | 99.23 ± 16.48 | ||||
Choi et al. [40] | SD | AD, 42 (42) | 76.8 ± 8.7 | 14.5 ± 5.5 | Performed segmentation of all retinal layers | |
MCI, 26 (26) | 74.7 ± 7.8 | 23.1 ± 4.6 | 86.6 ± 10.2 | |||
Controls, 66 (66) | 73.8 ± 7.5 |