Fig. 2

When amine oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3) on the retinal endothelium binds to the AOC3 counter receptor on the leukocyte, aldehydes, ammonia, and reactive oxygen species are released, which contribute to inflammation. Leukostasis is triggered and leukocytes rupture the blood vessel leading to ischemia. Soluble AOC3 does not mediate leukostasis but contributes to the release of ammonia and reactive oxygen species. RBC red blood cell