Retinal abnormalities in universal eye screening of healthy, full-term newborn infants in Jakarta. The incidence and its risk factors: a pilot study

Table 4 Risk factor analysis of retinal hemorrhage

Variables	Univariate analysis [OR (CI 95%)]	P value	Multivariate analysis [OR (CI 95%)]	P value
Gender (Female)	0.74 (0.52–1.07)	0.11	1.33 (0.92–1.92)	0.13
Methods of delivery
C-section^a	0.27 (0.18–0.41)	< 0.001*	0.29 (0.19–0.44)	< 0.001*
Delivery method with instrument (vacuum, forceps, or both)^a	0.78 (0.34–1.79)	0.561	0.73 (0.32–1.69)	0.47
Prolonged labor^b	1.84 (1.24–2.72)	0.002^#	0.81 (0.54–1.23)	0.33
APGAR Score	0.796 (0.88–1.99)	0.183	1.870 (1.19–2.93)	1.87

^aCompared to spontaneous vaginal delivery
^bProlonged labor is defined as prolonged duration of delivery at any stage (stage 1, stage 2, or combined)
*Odds ratio of less than 1 and p<0.05 indicate that C-section is a significant protective factor against RH ^#Odds ratio greater than 1 and p < 0.05 indicate that prolonged labor is a significant risk factor for RH

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