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Table 3 Plasma level of different lipid components (TL, FFA), lipid peroxides (MDA, HNE), advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs), and endothelial dysfunction marker (VEGF) among study groups

From: Do different lipid components accelerate the pathogenesis and severity of Diabetic Retinopathy?

Parameters

HC (N = 14)

DNR (N = 22)

MNPDR (N = 24)

HRPDR (N = 24)

p value

TL (mg/dl)

550.76 ± 32.26

695.69 ± 100.51**

780.62 ± 99.22††, ¥

892.34 ± 99.24!!!!, §§§§, ‡‡

 < 0.0001

FFA (mmol/L)

0.308 ± 0.015

0.618 ± 0.014****

0.741 ± 0.059††††, ¥¥¥¥

0.792 ± 0.024!!!!, §§§§, ‡

 < 0.0001

MDA (µmol/L)

5.19 ± 0.968

8.02 ± 0.842***

11.70 ± 0.282††††, ¥¥¥¥

15.25 ± 0.991!!!!,§§§§, ‡‡‡

 < 0.0001

HNE (pg/ml)

8664 ± 3016

14,070 ± 3556****

19,339 ± 3184††††,¥¥¥

27,290 ± 1252!!!!,§§§§, ‡‡‡‡

 < 0.0001

HLY (nmol/L)

89.50 ± 16.71

187.62 ± 20.11****

276.32 ± 40.01††††, ¥¥¥¥

359.48 ± 34.62!!!!,§§§§, ‡‡‡‡

 < 0.0001

VEGF (pg/L)

72.21 ± 7.695

91.10 ± 10.34*

129.04 ± 20.22††††, ¥¥¥¥

226.16 ± 19.84 !!!!, §§§§, ‡‡‡‡

 < 0.0001

  1. The The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test and Kruskal Wallis test nonparametric ANOVA followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was administrated to find out significant differences between the groups. A value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant
  2. TL, total lipid; FFA, free fatty acid; HNE, 4-Hydroxynonenal; MDA, malondialdehyde; HLY, hexanoyl-lysine; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
  3. HC vs DNR, * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001, **** = p < 0.0001
  4. HC vs MNPDR, †† = p < 0.01; †††† = p < 0.0001
  5. HC vs HRPDR, !!!! = p < 0.0001
  6. DNR vs MNPDR, ¥ = p < 0.05;¥¥¥ = p < 0.001; ¥¥¥¥ = p < 0.0001
  7. DNR vs HRPDR, §§§§ = p < 0.0001
  8. MNPDR vs HRPDR, ‡ = p < 0.05, ‡‡ = p < 0.01, ‡‡‡ = p < 0.001; ‡‡‡‡ = p < 0.0001