Do different lipid components accelerate the pathogenesis and severity of Diabetic Retinopathy?

Table 4 Vitreous level of different lipid components (TL, FFA), lipid peroxides (MDA, HNE), advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs), and endothelial damage marker (VEGF) among study groups

Parameters	HC (N = 14)	DNR (N = 22)	MNPDR (N = 24)	HRPDR (N = 24)	p value
TL (mg/dl)	68 ± 20.24	132.68 ± 19.89***	199.22 ± 22.48††††, ¥¥¥¥	228.52 ± 29.16!!!!,§§, ‡	< 0.0001
FFA (mmol/L)	0.0760 ± 0.017	0.1475 ± 0.036*	0.1982 ± 0.064†††,¥	0.2444 ± 0.0211!!!!, §, ‡	< 0.0001
MDA (µmol/L)	1.19 ± 0.5348	2.74 ± 0.366*	4.49 ± 0.613††††, ¥¥	7.97 ± 1.672!!!!,§§§§, ‡‡‡‡	< 0.0001
HNE (pg/ml)	2132 ± 1223	4211 ± 949.2****	5404 ± 783.11††††,¥¥	7368 ± 5877!!!!,§§§§, ‡‡‡‡	< 0.0001
HLY (nmol/L)	75.98 ± 12.97	84.90 ± 16.90*	106.11 ± 5.62†††,¥	126.4 ± 3.09!!!!, §§§§, ‡	< 0.0001
VEGF (pg/L)	72.06 ± 5.109	90.50 ± 6.585*	124.24 ± 10.14††††, ¥¥¥¥	134.46 ± 14.21!!!!, §§§§, ‡	< 0.0001

The The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test and Kruskal Wallis test nonparametric ANOVA followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was administrated to find out significant differences between the groups. A value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant
TL, total lipid; FFA, free fatty acid; HNE, 4-Hydroxynonenal; MDA, malondialdehyde; HLY, hexanoyl-lysine; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
HC vs DNR, * = p < 0.05; *** = p < 0.001, **** = p < 0.0001
HC vs MNPDR, ††† = p < 0.001; †††† = p < 0.0001
HC vs HRPDR, !!!! = p < 0.0001
DNR vs MNPDR, ¥ = p < 0.05; ¥¥ = p < 0.01; ¥¥¥¥ = p < 0.0001
DNR vs HRPDR, § = p < 0.05; §§ = p < 0.01, §§§§ = p < 0.0001
MNPDR vs HRPDR, ‡ = p < 0.05; ‡‡‡‡ = p < 0.0001

ISSN: 2056-9920