Table 2 Ischemic findings per site and rate in previous literature and updated values
From: Choroidal ischemia as one cardinal sign in giant cell arteritis
Ocular ischemia manifestations | TEST | Reported rate % (literature review before 2016)18 | Updated rate% | Author | Publication year | Vascular supply |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optic nerve ischemia | ||||||
A-AION | Funduscopy; FA | 88–92.3 [18] | 41% (69/170) [31] 33% (22/66) [30] 7% (17/245) [32] 12% (18/146) [32] | Hayreh [31] Glutz von Blotzheim [30] Vodopivec [32] | 2021 1997 2018 | circle of ZinnHaller (short branches PCA) |
Retinal ischemia | ||||||
CRAO | Funduscopy; FA | 4–14.1 [18] | 12% (20/170) [31] 15% (7/47) [30] | Hayreh [31] Glutz von Blotzheim [30] | 2021 1997 | Central retinal artery |
CWS | Funduscopy | up to 33 [18] | Superficial vascular plexus | |||
PAMM | OCT; OCT-A | 0 | 17% (16/96) | Mairot [19] | 2021 | Middle capillary plexus |
Choroidal ischemia | FA; ICG; SSOCTA | rare | 36% (17/47) | Glutz von Blotzheim [30] | 1997 | long branches PCA |
Anterior segment ischemia | Slit lamp exam | very rare | Rare | Tran23 | 2018 | anterior ciliary, arteries, long PCA, anatosmotic connections from anterior choroid |