Fig. 1

Molecular pathophysiological mechanisms causing serous retinal detachment, pigment epithelial detachment, and choroidal neovascularization in CSCR. The upstream mechanisms leading to choroid hyperpermeability include vortex vein compression, corticosteroid receptor activation, and oxidative stress/inflammation. Reprinted with permission from Kanda et al. [66] Pathophysiology of central serous chorioretinopathy: a literature review with quality assessment. Eye 36, 941–962 (2022) under Springer Nature and Copyright Clearance Center Rights Link License