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  1. Retinal vascular diseases such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and/or diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion with macular edema—share several key pathophysiolo...

    Authors: Quan Dong Nguyen, Jeffrey S. Heier, Diana V. Do, Adam C. Mirando, Niranjan B. Pandey, Huan Sheng and Theresa Heah
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:48
    Content type: Review Published on:

  2. Although fluorescein angiography (FA) is a frequently used imaging modality in patients with non-infectious uveitis (NIU), it has not been reliably used for objective assessment of posterior segment inflammato...

    Authors: Mohammad Ali Sadiq, Muhammad Hassan, Rubbia Afridi, Muhammad Sohail Halim, Diana V. Do, Yasir J. Sepah and Quan Dong Nguyen
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:47
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  3. To revisit the concept of retinectomy and the theory of mechanical forces on the retina occurring in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and to describe the potential application of radial retinectomy in R...

    Authors: Waldensius Girsang, Dwi C. R. Sari, Wahyu Srigutomo, Tjahjono D. Gondhowiardjo and Muhammad B. Sasongko
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:46
    Content type: Review Published on:

  5. Since the beginning of the Internet, new ways of providing medical education have emerged. Social media networks are one of the most influential communication tools and allow content sharing, collaborative mod...

    Authors: Ricardo Luz Leitão Guerra
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:44
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  6. Conventional vitrectomy technique for macular hole surgery has a good outcome in small and medium macular holes, but for very large macular holes (minimum linear diameter higher than 700 μm) other techniques w...

    Authors: José Edísio da Silva Tavares Neto, Igor Neves Coelho, Rodrigo Jorge, David Leonardo Cruvinel Isaac and Marcos Pereira de Ávila
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:43
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  7. Visualization during scleral buckling is traditionally achieved via indirect ophthalmoscopy. Recent advances have utilized the surgical microscope and a 25 gauge cannula-based endoillumination system, also kno...

    Authors: Joshua S. Agranat, Vivian P. Douglas, Konstantinos A. A. Douglas and John B. Miller
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:42
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  8. To evaluate the effectiveness of face up position (FUP) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and silicone oil injection in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with multiple peripheral and inferio...

    Authors: Amr Mohammed Elsayed Abdelkader and Hossam Youssef Abouelkheir
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:41
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  9. Anti-angiogenic drugs remain the mainstay therapy for several vascular retinal pathologies. The repurposing of approved anti-angiogenic drugs for use in ophthalmology can increase therapeutic options and reduc...

    Authors: Jarbas Emílio de Moraes Neto, Felipe Pereira, Raquel Leão Neves, Nilana Meza Tenório de Barros, Cristiane Damas Gil, Arthur Gustavo Fernandes, Sung Eun Song Watanabe, Carsten Helmut Meyer, Michel Eid Farah and Eduardo Buchele Rodrigues
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:40
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  10. The short-term effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment on macular neovascularization (MNV) morphology is well described, but long-term studies on morphologic changes and correl...

    Authors: Emily S. Levine, Eugenia Custo Greig, Luísa S. M. Mendonça, Shilpa Gulati, Ivana N. Despotovic, A. Yasin Alibhai, Eric Moult, Nora Muakkassa, Maddalena Quaranta-El Maftouhi, Adil El Maftouhi, Usha Chakravarthy, James G. Fujimoto, Caroline R. Baumal, Andre J. Witkin, Jay S. Duker, M. Elizabeth Hartnett…
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:39
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  11. To provide information on the effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors on choroidal vessels and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and possible implications for development of exudative age-re...

    Authors: Natasha Ferreira Santos da Cruz, Murilo Ubukata Polizelli, Laís Maia Cezar, Emmerson B. Cardoso, Fernando Penha, Michel Eid Farah, Eduardo B. Rodrigues and Eduardo A. Novais
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:38
    Content type: Review Published on:

  12. We reviewed our experience in the management of cataract and idiopatic epiretinal membrane surgeries at the Humanitas Research Institute–Milan, Italy- over the past 3 years.

    Authors: Jose Luis Vallejo-Garcia, Mary Romano, Luca Pagano, Alessio Montericcio, Alfredo Borgia, Emanuela Morenghi and Paolo Vinciguerra
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:37
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  13. To evaluate the reliability of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

    Authors: Bruno Mauricio Rodrigues de Oliveira, Luis Filipe Nakayama, Bruno Rebello de Godoy, Alexandre Gomes Bortoloti de Azevedo, Flavio Eduardo Hirai and Somaia Mitne
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:35
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  15. Recurrent retinal detachment (RD) is still a widespread event despite the therapeutic options available. Proliferative vitreoretinopoathy (PVR) is one of the main causes of redetachment. Little is known about ...

    Authors: Flavio A. Rezende, Natalia Vila and Emmanouil Rampakakis
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:34
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  16. The authors developed a retinoblastoma model using fresh harvested cells from an enucleated eye that were transplanted in chick embryos (chorioallantoic membrane model). The transplanted embryos were treated w...

    Authors: Silvia L. Fialho, Bárbara R. Silvestrini, Juliana Vieira, Mayara R. B. Paiva, Luciana M. Silva, Fernando Chahud, Armando Silva-Cunha, Zelia M. Correa and Rodrigo Jorge
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:33
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  17. To evaluate the retinal toxicity after repeated intravitreal injections of a humanized anti-VEGF-A monoclonal antibody (PRO-169) versus ranibizumab in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbit eyes.

    Authors: Leopoldo Baiza-Durán, Alejandra Sánchez-Ríos, Joel González-Barón, Oscar Olvera-Montaño, Elba Correa-Gallegos, Andrea Navarro-Sánchez and Patricia Muñoz-Villegas
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:32
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  19. Ocular toxoplasmosis is one of the most common causes of intraocular inflammation and posterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients. This paper aims to investigate swept-source optical coherence tomography ang...

    Authors: João Rafael de Oliveira Dias, Camila Campelo, Eduardo Amorim Novais, Gabriel Costa de Andrade, Paula Marinho, Yusláy Fernández Zamora, Luciana Finamor Peixoto, Maurício Maia, Heloísa Nascimento and Rubens Belfort Jr.
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:30
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  20. Authors: Mohammad Ali Sadiq, Muhammad Sohail Halim, Muhammad Hassan, Neil Onghanseng, Irmak Karaca, Aniruddha Agarwal, Rubbia Afridi, Yasir J. Sepah, Diana V. Do and Quan Dong Nguyen
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:29
    Content type: Review Published on:

    The Retraction Note to this article has been published in International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:65

  21. The pathogenesis of partial-thickness macular defects and the role of Müller glial cells in the development of such defects are not well understood. We document the morphological characteristics of various typ...

    Authors: Andreas Bringmann, Jan Darius Unterlauft, Renate Wiedemann, Matus Rehak and Peter Wiedemann
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:28
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  22. To compare and assess the efficacy of three surgical methods for the treatment of acute submacular hemorrhage (ASH): pneumatic displacement with C2F6, in combination with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab ...

    Authors: Carsten Grohmann, Spyridon Dimopoulos, Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt, Philipp Schindler, Toam Katz, Martin S. Spitzer and Christos Skevas
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:27
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  23. Many factors can influence the functional outcomes of macular hole surgery and some studies have tried to describe anatomical features that could predict successful treatment. The purpose of this study is to d...

    Authors: Oswaldo Ferreira Moura Brasil, Mariana Kawamuro, Denise Pardini Marinho, Bruna Trench Maia, Murilo Ubukata Polizelli, Gabriel Pipolo, Natalia Trench Maia, Rodrigo Dompieri, Natasha Ferreira Santos da Cruz and Mauricio Maia
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:25
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  24. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness due to diabetic macular edema (DME) or complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive i...

    Authors: Sara Vaz-Pereira, Tiago Morais-Sarmento and Raquel Esteves Marques
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:26
    Content type: Review Published on:

  25. Unused or rarely used instruments in standard surgical trays can unnecessarily increase costs. Prior studies have demonstrated the practicality and cost savings of reduced instrument tray sizes in various subs...

    Authors: Jacob D. Grodsky, Christos N. Theophanous, Sidney A. Schechet, Peter B. Veldman and Seenu M. Hariprasad
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:12
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  26. Intravitreal cytokine levels and differences in the severity of postoperative inflammation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) were compared between subjects treated with pan-retinal phot...

    Authors: Yukihiko Suzuki, Kobu Adachi, Natsuki Maeda, Reiko Tanabu, Takashi Kudo and Mitsuru Nakazawa
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:24
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  27. To compare the anatomical and visual outcomes in eyes with persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) after initial anti-VEGF therapy that were retreated continuously with the same anti-VEGF drug versus those tha...

    Authors: Osama A. Sorour, Keke Liu, Nihaal Mehta, Phillip Braun, Isaac Gendelman, Elsayed Nassar, Caroline R. Baumal, Andre J. Witkin, Jay S. Duker and Nadia K. Waheed
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:17
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  28. Vitamin A deficiency is rare in the United States and can be missed in patients with malabsorption syndromes without a high dose of suspicion. Ocular complications of hypovitaminosis A include xerosis and nyct...

    Authors: Meghan K. Berkenstock, Charles J. Castoro and Andrew R. Carey
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:23
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  29. To evaluate the outcomes of subthreshold nanosecond laser treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) as a function of the severity of concomitant of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) defects.

    Authors: Hakan Kaymak, Saskia Funk, Andreas Fricke, Roxana Fulga, Karsten Klabe, Berthold Seitz, Achim Langenbucher and Hartmut Schwahn
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:11
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  30. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive tool for imaging and quantifying the retinal and choroidal vasculature as well as perfusion state in healthy eyes. Choroidal perfusion is subje...

    Authors: Felix Rommel, Matthias Rothe, Maximilian Kurz, Michelle Prasuhn, Salvatore Grisanti and Mahdy Ranjbar
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:22
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  31. The cases discussed highlight the atypical presentation and diagnostic dilemmas of toxoplasmosis with fulminant retinal necrosis and the potentially devastating visual outcomes of toxoplasma chorioretinitis fo...

    Authors: Jason N. Crosson, Sanjana Kuthyar, Jessica G. Shantha, Matthew R. Debiec, Philip W. Laird, Cindy S. Hwang, Hans E. Grossniklaus and Steven Yeh
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:21
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  34. We summarize the most important findings presented at the 2020 angiogenesis, exudation and degeneration symposium in five topic areas: (1) epidemiology of retinal vascular disease and macular degeneration; (2)...

    Authors: Carmen A. Puliafito and Charles C. Wykoff
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:18
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  35. To evaluate the change in best corrected visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT) following treatment with intravitreal aflibercept (AFL) in patients poorly responders or non responders to ranibi...

    Authors: Luciana de Sá Quirino-Makarczyk, Maria de Fátima Sainz Ugarte, Bruna Viana Vieira, Sérgio Kniggendorf and Caio Vinicius Saito Regatieri
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:9
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  36. Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) have been reported after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) can prevent post-PPV ERM formation ...

    Authors: Mohamed Esmail Abdullah, Hossam Eldeen Mohammad Moharram, Ahmed Shawkat Abdelhalim, Khaled Mohamed Mourad and Mohamed Farouk Abdelkader
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:8
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  38. Microperimetry (MP) allows for measurement of retinal sensitivity at precise locations and is now commonly employed as a clinical trial endpoint. Test–retest reliability is important when evaluating treatment ...

    Authors: A. Yasin Alibhai, Nihaal Mehta, Sheila Hickson-Curran, Carlos Moreira-Neto, Emily S. Levine, Elias Reichel, Jay S. Duker and Nadia K. Waheed
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:16
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  39. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune and multisystemic disease. Recent studies with functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive tests report an unexpectedly high f...

    Authors: Arnaldo Dias-Santos, Joana Tavares Ferreira, Sofia Pinheiro, João Paulo Cunha, Marta Alves, Ana L. Papoila, Maria Francisca Moraes-Fontes and Rui Proença
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:15
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  41. Multiple surgical techniques exist for the repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD). Suprachoroidal buckling (SCB), consisting of injecting viscoelastic material in the suprachoroidal space to allow ...

    Authors: Fares Antaki, Ali Dirani, Marina Ravagnani Ciongoli, David H. W. Steel and Flavio Rezende
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:10
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  42. The authors report two cases of the scleral buckles intrusion and erosion that presented many years after primary surgery with vitreous haemorrhage in one of them. Although the erosion/intrusion of a silicone ...

    Authors: Mohammad Zarei, Alireza Mahmoudi, Abdollah Hadi and Hamid Riazi-Esfahani
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:7
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  43. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity and macular choriocapillaris (CC) flow deficit percentage (FD %) in different macular regions using swept...

    Authors: Isaac Gendelman, A. Yasin Alibhai, Eric M. Moult, Emily S. Levine, Phillip X. Braun, Nihaal Mehta, Yi Zhao, Akihiro Ishibazawa, Osama A. Sorour, Caroline R. Baumal, Andre J. Witkin, Elias Reichel, James G. Fujimoto, Jay S. Duker and Nadia K. Waheed
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:6
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  44. Large, chronic full thickness macular holes which failed previous treatments are difficult to manage and even left untreated due to poor prognosis. A retrospective review of consecutive cases with chronic (at ...

    Authors: Nicholas S. K. Fung, Anthony K. H. Mak, Rachel Yiu, Ian Y. H. Wong and Wai Ching Lam
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:3
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  46. To study the automated segmentation of retinal layers using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the impact of manual correction over segmentation mistakes.

    Authors: Alexandre Gomes Bortoloti de Azevedo, Guilherme Eiichi da Silva Takitani, Bruno Rebello Godoy, Bruna Ferraço Marianelli, Vinicius Saraiva, Ivan Maynart Tavares and Luiz Roisman
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:4
    Content type: Original article Published on:

  48. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) in the management of vitreous hemorrhage (VH) in eyes with previously lasered proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

    Authors: Ahmad M. Mansour, Mohammed Ashraf, Khalil M. El Jawhari, Michel Farah, Ahmed Souka, Chintan Sarvaiya, Sumit Randhir Singh, Alay Banker and Jay Chhablani
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2020 6:2
    Content type: Review Published on:

  49. Eye surgery, specifically retinal micro-surgery involves sensory and motor skill that approaches human boundaries and physiological limits for steadiness, accuracy, and the ability to detect the small forces i...

    Authors: Müller G. Urias, Niravkumar Patel, Changyan He, Ali Ebrahimi, Ji Woong Kim, Iulian Iordachita and Peter L. Gehlbach
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2019 5:52
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  50. The ETDRS stereoscopic seven-field (7F) has been a standard imaging and grading protocol for assessment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity score in many clinical trials. To the best of our knowledge, the co...

    Authors: Nam V. Nguyen, Erin M. Vigil, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad S. Halim, Sean C. Baluyot, Hugo A. Guzman, Rubbia Afridi, Diana V. Do and Yasir J. Sepah
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2019 5:51
    Content type: Original article Published on:


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