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Table 9 Sensitivity analysis

From: Triple combination therapy and zeaxanthin for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: an interventional comparative study and cost-effectiveness analysis

Model

Incremental cost

Incremental QALY gain

$/QALY

Therapeutic changes in the TTZ cohort

 Base case

  Zx daily for 9 years in the triple therapy with Zx cohort

$859

0.162

$5302

  Zx daily for 2 years only in the triple therapy with Zx cohort

(−$1318)

0.162

(−$8148)

  Two additional treatments: bevacizumab, PDT and dexamethasone, years 3–9 in both cohorts

$859

0.162

$5,312

  Costs in both cohorts are doubled

$1718

0.162

$10,623

  Zx cost over 9 years is doubled from $30/month to $60/month

$3746

0.162

$23,154

  Zx cost/month for cost-utility ratio of $50,000/QALY

$150

0.162

0 $50,000

  Zx cost/month for cost-utility ratio of $100,000/QALY

$318

0.162

$100,000

  Zx cost/month for cost-utility ratio of $158,000/QALY(WHO upper limit for cost-effectiveness = 3× GDP per capita)

$513

0.162

$158,000

Altering patient value gains associated with TTZ

 Doubling patient value gains in both cohorts

$859

0.324

$2,656

 Halving the patient value gain from Zx

$859

0.081

$10,623

 Loss of Zx benefit after year 2 with 2 years of Zx therapy in the TTZ cohort

(−$1318)

0.036

(−$36,665)

 Loss of Zx benefit after year 2, with 9 years of Zx therapy in the TTZ cohort

$859

0.036

$23,892

 Zx incremental QALY gain for $50,000/QALY

$859

0.017

$50,000

 Zx incremental QALY gain for $100,000/QALY

$859

0.0086

$100,000

 Zx incremental QALY gain required for $158,000/QALY (WHO upper limit for cost-effectiveness = 3× 2015 US GDP per capita)

$859

0.0054

$158,000

Integrating the therapeutic QALY gain and costs saved by TTZ decreasing the onset of neovascular AMD in the fellow eye: combined-eye model

 Incremental cost-utility

  Zx daily for 9 years in the TTZ cohort vs. TT cohort—assumes that TTZ yields an absolute risk reduction of CNV in the 2nd eye of 30.3 %

(−$2291)

0.362

(−$6332)

 Average cost-utility

  Zx daily for 9 years in the TTZ cohort vs. TT cohort: assumes TTZ reduces the absolute risk reduction of CNV in the 2nd eye by 30.3 %

7249

0.7212

$10,052

  1. A negative cost-utility ratio indicates that neovascular age-related macular degeneration triple therapy with zeaxanthin provides greater patient value than triple therapy without zeaxanthin and is also less expensive than triple therapy without zeaxanthin.) (Dollars are 2015 US real dollars discounted at 3 % annually. QALYs are discounted at 3 % annually.
  2. Incremental cost–utility of TTZ vs. TT cohorts, combined-eye model
  3. QALY quality-adjusted life-year, $/QALY dollars expended per QALY gained, PDT photodynamic therapy with verteporfin, GDP gross domestic product, TTZ triple combination therapy with zeaxanthin, TT triple combination therapy, Zx zeaxanthin, WHO World Health Organization