Table 2 Literature review of case reports analyzing choroidal osteoma characteristics

Shields et al. [12]

OCT: calcified portion displayed an intact inner retina, outer retina and photoreceptors, but decalcified portion showed intact inner retina with thinned or absent outer retina and photoreceptors. BCVA was better in eyes with calcified osteomas

Margolis et al. [13]

AF: hypoautofluorescence. Indocyanine green angiography showed relative hypofluorescence. SD-OCT: separation between outer retina and RPE within the excavation; and other cases in which the outer retina layers conform to the retina pigment eccccccpithelium within the excavation. Choroidal thickness of uninvolved choroid was thicker than normal

Freton et al. [9]

SD-OCT: different reflectivity pattern among hyporeflective, isoreflective and hyperreflective, besides retina exhibited degenerative changes

Navajas et al.

FD-OCT show in calcified tumors a distinctive latticework pattern resembling a spongy bone structure, decalcified areas show hyperreflective areas above Bruch membrane and absence of choroidal vessels. AF: Decalcified tumor had reduced over all fluorescence

Shields et al. [11]

EDI-OCT: horizontal lamellar lines, hyperreflective horizontal lines, horizontal and vertical tubular lamella. Photoreceptors were intact in ossified tumors meanwhile those were atrophic or thinning in deossified osteomas

Pierro et al. [14]

FCE and CNV in CO. OCT-A is a useful skill to detect CNV

Cennamo et al. [17]

OCT-A: fine vascular network within the tumor. EDI-OCT: horizontal lamellar lines, horizontal and vertical tubules and speckled regions. B-Scan echography: solid mass with acoustic shadowing