Fig. 4

Goldberg stages of sickle cell retinopathy (I–V). I Arteriolar occlusion can be observed in the periphery (yellow arrows) of this ultra wide-field fundus photograph. II Peripheral arteriovenous anastomoses (yellow arrows) are apparent on ultra wide-field fluorescein angiography. III Pathologic neovascularization (yellow arrows) is observed in the periphery of the retina on (top) ultra wide-field fundus photography and (bottom) ultra wide-field fluorescein angiography. IV The view of the retina on (top) ultra wide-field fundus photography and (bottom) ultra wide-field fluorescein angiography (bottom) is obscured by a vitreous hemorrhage. Leakage from sea fan neovascularization is observed despite blocking of the fundus view by vitreous hemorrhage. V Tractional retinal detachment is observed in the inferior retinal periphery on (top) ultra wide-field fundus photography and (bottom) ultra wide-field fluorescein angiography (bottom). Vitreous hemorrhage is also present in the retinal periphery