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Table 2 Frequency of diagnoses comparing the degree of retinopathy as determined by the smartphone-based device and the gold standard

From: Efficacy of smartphone-based retinal photography by undergraduate students in screening and early diagnosing diabetic retinopathy

Severity of DR (smartphone-based device)

 

Absent RD

Minimal NPDR

Mild NPDR

Moderate NPDR

Severe NPDR

Very severe NPDR

PDR without signs of high risk

PDR with signs of high risk

Advanced PDR

TOTAL

Absent RD

84

16

14

2

0

0

0

0

0

116

Minimal NPDR

1

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

Mild NPDR

3

0

11

2

1

0

2

0

0

19

Moderate NPDR

1

0

3

7

2

0

1

0

0

14

Severe NPDR

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

1

0

5

Very severe NPDR

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

PDR without signs of high risk

0

0

0

1

0

0

16

0

0

17

PDR with signs of high risk

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

1

5

Advanced PDR

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

TOTAL

89

16

30

12

7

0

21

4

3

182

  1. DR Diabetic retinopathy, NPDR non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy