Table 1 Demographic, laboratory and clinical parameters according to the severity of diabetic retinopathy

1

Demographic and Baseline

Age (years)

54.43 ± 9.59

54.99 ± 10.55

54.45 ± 8.52

51.83 ± 8.09

0.15

0.44

Sex male (n,%)

113 (42.64%)

61 (23.02%)

40 (15.09%)

12 (4.53%)

0.44

0.68

HT (n,%)

109 (41.13%)

43 (16.23%)

48 (18.11%)

18 (6.79%)

0.0007

*0.004

DM Duration (years)

6.21 ± 6.37

5.88 ± 7.01

6.39 ± 5.50

7.03 ± 6.12

0.33

0.68

Systolic BP (mmHg)

142.95 ± 21.68

138.8 ± 19.22

144.21 ± 22.07

157.47 ± 24.60

< 0.0001

*0.0002

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

88.05 ± 11.78

86.09 ± 11.82

88.78 ± 10.08

94.4 ± 14.49

0.0004

*0.003

Body Mass Index (Kg/m2)

25.46 ± 4.81

26.34 ± 5.15

24.76 ± 4.19

23.87 ± 4.50

0.002

*0.008

Heart Rate (bpm)

78.18 ± 12.44

76.58 ± 12.51

78.6 ± 12.48

83.93 ± 10.32

0.004

*0.02

2

HbA1C and Lipid Profiles

HbA1C (%)

8.44 ± 2.06

7.99 ± 1.71

8.70 ± 2.16

9.48 ± 2.61

< 0.0001

*0.0003

Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)

203.11 ± 47.66

201.02 ± 52.30

200.07 ± 43.51

221.65 ± 32.15

0.12

0.47

HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)

54.35 ± 23.75

55.09 ± 23.44

54.11 ± 23.55

51.64 ± 26.33

0.50

0.99

LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)

124.23 ± 39.08

122.78 ± 42.35

121.79 ± 35.47

138.24 ± 31.84

0.16

0.48

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

160.58 ± 98.88

157.84 ± 99.89

160.16 ± 95.74

173.6 ± 105.88

0.49

0.99

3

Renal Function

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

66.78 ± 32.80

76.38 ± 34.12

58.74 ± 29.49

50.07 ± 22.37

< 0.0001

*<0.0001

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.30 ± 1.10

1.03 ± 0.42

1.54 ± 1.44

1.75 ± 1.57

< 0.0001

*<0.0001

4

Arterial Stiffness

Brachial-ankle PWV (m/s)

15.49 ± 3.07

14.77 ± 2.64

15.74 ± 3.11

17.93 ± 3.42

< 0.0001

*<0.0001

Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)

1.05 ± 0.12

1.04 ± 0.14

1.06 ± 0.12

1.07 ± 0.07

0.34

0.34

5

Ophthalmic Examination

BCVA (LogMAR)

0.19 ± 0 0.43

0.09 ± 0.29

0.17 ± 0.39

0.66 ± 0.69

< 0.0001

*<0.0001

Spheriqal Equivalent

-0.002 ± 1.72

-0.02 ± 1.77

-0.13 ± 1.67

0.53 ± 1.58

0.45

0.45

Intraocular Pressure (mmHg)

16.87 ± 2.90

17.10 ± 3.19

16.84 ± 2.53

15.86 ± 2.53

0.05

0.11

6

Retinal Neurovascular

Ave mGC-IPLt (µm)

78.07 ± 14.17

79.49 ± 10.99

77.7 ± 13.28

72.44 ± 25.91

0.02

0.09

Ave RNFLt (µm)

99.16 ± 18.85

98.25 ± 12.88

95.69 ± 19.46

116.75 ± 30.69

0.005

*0.02

Vessel Density (VD) (%)

 VD Central

8.25 ± 3.32

8.33 ± 3.13

8.06 ± 3.39

8.53 ± 3.91

0.96

1.00

 VD Inner

16.83 ± 2.41

17.26 ± 2.34

16.67 ± 2.31

15.45 ± 2.55

0.0001

*0.001

 VD Outer

17.15 ± 2.09

17.49 ± 2.17

16.91 ± 1.97

16.37 ± 1.89

0.002

*0.01

 VD Full

16.83 ± 2.10

17.19 ± 2.13

16.61 ± 2.00

15.95 ± 1.97

0.0009

*0.007

Fovea Avascular Zone (FAZ)

 FAZ Area (mm²)

0.27 ± 0.13

0.28 ± 0.12

0.27 ± 0.13

0.27 ± 0.16

0.65

1.00

 FAZ Perimeter

2.27 ± 1.26

2.31 ± 1.62

2.20 ± 0.68

2.27 ± 0.84

0.68

1.00

 FAZ Circularity Index

0.68 ± 0.12

0.71 ± 0.10

0.67 ± 0.12

0.62 ± 0.12

< 0.0001

*0.0007